Petroleum and natural gas exist deep below the surface. Methods available for exploring these resources include seismic, gravity and magnetic surveying. Reflection wave seismic surveys are the most effective exploration method, providing detailed geological structural information on land, offshore and in shallow water areas.
In offshore exploration, seismic survey operations are conducted using geophysical survey vessels towing a streamer cable as long as 6000 meters. In recent 3D offshore surveys, the efficiency of the operation has been enhanced by using multi-streamer cables simultaneously or by using two-vessel system where two separate vessels, an air-gun vessel and a receiver vessel, are employed.
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